n. 31 “The other two Venetian officers to pass the examination were Francesco Verlato and François d’Orsan, from Belgium.”
p. 146 after “not hailing from France.” n. 32bis: “The three Cisalpine officers are Bonfanti, Gorio (who hadn’t served before the exam) and Angelo Maria Colli. The French were exempt during the Cisalpine Republic, nearly all being included in the list of officers imposed by Lespinasse, and thus automatically admitted to serve with the rank requested for them. This obviously caused protests from the Italian side. Lespinasse and Bonaparte deemed it sufficient for the French officers to present a certificate proving that they had taken part in various campaigns as artillery officers. (Montù, Carlo, 1934: 1446). We know of two French officers who took the exam: Alexis Cuc and Bernard Rançon. The last-named, though on the Lespinasse list, demanded and was allowed to sit the exam (Rançon to the War Minister, undated – received in 11 pluviôse year VII [30 January 1799], ms. in MSA, WO 117). After the first few years’ enrolments, the number of French officers greatly reduced, although they continued to be admitted without having to sit the exam. The only ones admitted during the Kingdom of Italy were Maximilien Mercastel as a lieutenant 2nd-class and Henry Desmazis as a lieutenant 1st-class in 1807 (See MSA, WO OR 89).”
After n. 32bis: “Thus, in 1798 the exam was taken by the afore-mentioned three “Venetians”, Patroni and Andrea Montebruno from Liguria, and Giacinto Sassetti, Vittorio Ferrati and Francesco Conti from Piedmont (this last-named in January 1799).”
p. 146 after “from 1803” n. 32ter: “He proved to be an excellent officer. According to Danna, he was the only one who deserved the grade of “excellent” for both theoretical and practical skills. He also had impeccable conduct and was “moral and zealous in his service” (Stato Nominativo, e per anzianità, degli uffiziali del Corpo d’Artiglieria all’epoca del 6 marzo 1811, ms. in Princeton University Library, Eugène de Beauharnais Archives [EBA], b. 45, f. 20). He died in Russia.”
p. 146 after “the military school of Verona” n. 34 bis: “The Frenchman was Pierre d’Abadie, who was later was promoted to brigade chief, but left the corps during the Italian Republic. The Venetian was Anton Claudio Galateo”
p. 147 n. 36: “The other three Venetians were Ottavio Bernardi and Marino Rubbi, from Castelvecchio college, together with the noble Costantino Sicuro”
p. 147 n. 37: “The examining commission was made up of Antonio Bonfanti, Rossi and Guillaume.”
p. 147 n. 38: “They were captains Angelo Feroggio, Giovanni Romei and Cristino Tognoli and lieutenants Carlo Fe and Domenico Colella. The last, coming from the Nunziatella and the Neapolitan engineering corps, had already been examined together with all the other Neapolitans in 1802, with the following remarks: “this young soldier showed more intelligence than knowledge of mathematics or the field of fortifications… [but] deserved indulgence… could make himself useful”. In the 1803 exam, it was acknowledged that he deserved to be admitted to the engineering corps, “having fairly clear views on mathematics and military architecture” (Salimbeni to the War Minister Trivulzi, Milan, 30 May 1804, ms. in MSA, WO 1909). Carlo Fe on the other hand had attended the Modena School, even though he went on to join the miners.”
p. 147 after “who had to sit a public one” n. 38 bis: “Incidentally, we note that, of the 13 engineers from the first Modena promotion made lieutenant 1st-class on 4 August 1799, 7 were promoted captain 2nd-class in 1803. Among them was Carlo nephew to Bianchi d’Adda, while the other 6, including Salimbeni’s son Giovanni, had to wait until 15 May 1808 (MSA WO OR 90).”
p. 148 after “after passing an exam” n. 39 bis: “Battalion chief Francesco Costanzo, captain 1st-class Vincenzo Tirone, Ferdinando Rodriguez, Pietro Corné, Lorenzo Montemayor, captain 2nd-classs Aurinetta, Chateauneuf-Landini, lieutenants 1st-class Gennaro Lanzetta (the last three came from the geographical engineers), Gennaro Lojacono, Domenico Colella (with the sappers).”
p. 148 after “of Naples in March” n. 39 ter: “Rodriguez and Colella remained in the service of the Kingdom of Italy.”
p. 148 after “between May and September” n. 39 quarter: “They were captain 1st-class Paolo Artico and Paolo Mastrana (a Castelvecchio student and Venetian engineer lieutenant) and lieutenants 1st-class Francesco Murari (student at Castelvecchio in 1779, ensign in the engineers in 1785 and then lieutenant, in 1798 engineer-in-chief for the water board and roadworks in the province of Treviso) and Gaspare Petrovich. Venetian Coriolano Cisocio also figured in the Italian engineering corps, likewise promoted lieutenant 2nd-class by decree in May 1806; but we will not include him, since he quitted the service on 15 October 1807 (cf. MSA, WO OR 90).”
p. 148 n. 40: “The Neapolitans were captains Giuseppe Chateauneuf-Landini, Alessandro Filippo Aurinetta, lieutenant Gennaro Lanzetta (from the engineer brigade and then moved to the engineering corps), an infantry captain who had been a cadet at the Neapolitan Military Academy, Francesco Cetteo Macdonald, and lieutenant Luigi Cosenz, hydraulics engineer and part of the Italian engineer brigade. The Venetians were infantry captain Girolamo Tramarini and infantry lieutenant Agapito, former cadets at the Military Academy of Verona. French artillery lieutenant Dufresne came from the Châlons school.”
p. 148 after “were unsurprisingly Neapolitans”: “, some of whom would subsequently be reinstated in the Italian engineering corps. This did not make the corps any more popular, as Brossier put it:
“The French, in general, are not liked in Italy. The Vice-President compensates them for this, as far as he can, by his prudence and justice; but he cannot destroy prejudices: it is up to time and to our conduct to bring about this development. The Italian Topographical Corps is in much the same situation: its formation has aroused jealousy; passions have been stirred and attempts have been made to discredit it before the authority on which it directly depends” (endnote: Brossier to Sanson, Milan, 1 nivôse year XI [22 December 1802], ms. In SHD, 3M 373).”
p. 148 n. 42 Replace text with: “Much the same as Giulio Pampani, from Ferrara and serving with the Neapolitan army, who according to Campredon “could not arrive early enough to sit the entry test by which the engineering officers were admitted” (Campredon to War Minister Trivulzi, Milan, 2 germinal year X (23 March 1802), ms. in MSA WO 2856). Other Neapolitan engineers who passed from the topographer corps to the engineers were Aurinetta, Chateauneuf-Landini and Lanzetta.”
p. 148 after “foreign candidates”: “Two captains were then promoted heads of section: Francesco Cetteo Macdonald and Girolamo Tramarini, coming respectively from the Military Academy of Naples and the military school of Verona.”
p. 148 after “In” April-May
p. 148 after “from the first “batch””: “and re-organized into two sections, a total of 16 officers”
p. 148 n. 43 replace text with: “Aurinetta, Chateauneuf-Landini and Lanzetta were transferred to the engineering corps, taking advantage of the exam in 1802; Dufresne moved to the Artillery, while Agapito was discharged. This new recruitment was probably due to the exams that should have taken place on 1 floréal year X [21 April 1802] (Tordorò, Determinazione Ministeriale relativa alle denominazioni provvisorie del Corpo Topografico, cit. ms.). Tibell and Campredon were among the examiners. (note 43 bis Progetto di organizzazione del Deposito generale della guerra, undated [but can be dated from 19 March to 13 April 1802] with attached letter from Tibell to War Minister Trivulzi, ms. in MSA, WO 2854, while the personal dossiers are to be found largely in MSA, WO 2856. There is also a Quadro de’ servigj degli Ufficiali Topografi Italiani all’Epoca del 2 Luglio 1805, ms. in EBA, b. 42, f. 1. Macdonald commanded the first section, made up of the Neapolitans Giovanni Battista Vinci (captain 2nd-class from the engineering corps of the Roman Republic), Luigi Cosenz (lieutenant 1st-class) and Pompeo Montella (lieutenant 1st-class from the Italian engineer brigade), Giulio Pampani from Ferrara (captain 2nd-class), the Poles Szmaućh (captain 2nd-class) and Kazimierz Strzelecki (lieutenant 1st-class), from the artillery, Venetian Basilio Lasinio (captain 2nd-class from the infantry), and the Lombard Domenico Pagani (lieutenant 1st-class, previously draughtsman at the D’Albe Bureau). Tramarini commanded the second section, made up of the Neapolitan Antonio Campana (captain 2nd-class from the engineering corps), Calcedonio Casella (captain 2nd-class from the infantry) and Melchiorre Sella (lieutenant 1st-class from the geographical engineers), Giuseppe Riccio from Piedmont (lieutenant 1st-class from the geographical engineers), and the Swede Henrik Forssell (lieutenant 1st-class who had followed Tibell)).”
p. 148 after “Among”: “them, four names of esteemed civil engineers and architects stood out: Antonio Campana (1775-1841), civil engineer who entered the Neapolitan engineering corps in 1799; Giulio Pampani, civil engineer in service in Venetia and the Pontifical State, subsequently in the Neapolitan Topographer Bureau under Giovanni Antonio Rizzi-Zannoni; Giovanni Battista Vinci, author of a book entitled Trattato teorico pratico di architettura civile (endnote: Rome: Antonio Fulgoni, 1796. He was also the author of the 1795. Saggio d’architettura civile con alcune cognizioni comuni a tutte le belle arti. Rome: Antonio Fulgoni and Venice: Modesto Fenzo, and the 1795. Elogio storico del celebre pittore Antonio Cavallucci di Sermoneta, Rome: Antonio Fulgoni.); and Pompeo Montella, winner of the Civil Architecture Prize in Rome (endnote: The reasons why architects (substantially no different from civil engineers) were employed was because of their ability to draw, as one sees from the words of the War Depot director Guillaume on Montella: “He draws Civil and Military Architecture with extraordinary taste, and this applies to Topographical design, too. He was awarded the Civil Architecture Prize in Rome, uses geodesic tools with ease, and writes reasonably well: good moral behaviour” (Quadro de’ servigj degli Ufficiali Topografi Italiani all’Epoca del 2 Luglio 1805, cit. ms.)). The first two were exiles from the Neapolitan Republic, the fourth from the Roman one. Between August and December five more people were added to the staff – including Ferdinando Visconti, mathematics student and professor at the Military Academy of Naples, imprisoned from 1794 to 1801 – while one had left (endnote: This was Szmaućh. He had 20 years’ service in the Polish artillery, and had been put on furlough; he pressed to be admitted to the Italian artillery or engineering corps and agreed to serve in the topographer corps (Szmaućh to the War Minister, Milan, 28 February and 9 March 1802, ms. in MSA, WO 2854). Tibell liked him particularly, considering him “an excellent officer both for his military knowledge and his extensive experience acquired in over twenty years serving in the technical corps… His meek yet resolute character, his talent at drawing, his mathematical skills, have all already served me well” (Tibell to the head of the second division of the War Office, Bonfanti, Milan, 7 April 1802, ms. in Ibidem), but had to accept the idea of losing him: Szmaućh in the topographer corps could have stayed on pro-tem with furlough pay alone. He therefore chose to serve in the Polish cavalry (Bonfanti to Tibell, Milan, 13 April 1802, minutes ms. in Ibidem). As well as Visconti, four other lieutenants 2nd-class were taken on: Malagugini, who had served in the Artillery, Lombard Fabio Canziani, cadet in the Austrian army and ensign of the Bellegarde regiment, as well as Lombard Giovanni Caniani, draughtsman at the D’Albe Bureau, and the Bolognese Gioacchino Minuti, who never saw service, dying in Paris on 16 January 1803).”
p. 148 after “from the Verona school” : “, Francesco Malagugini”.
p. 149 delete note 44
p. 177 n. 45 after 3M 376).: “Tibell’s resignation and his departure for Sweden at the beginning of July 1803 caused his countryman Forsell’s resignation too. One should include the loss of Minuti who died, the two former heads of section Tramarini, transferred to the infantry because of incompetence and Macdonald, who became War Minister Trivulzi’s field adjutant and captains Pampani and Lasinio, who had been vice-director, albeit only formally. Between January and August 1803, lieutenant 2nd-class Francesco Pampani (from Ferrara and son of Giulio) had arrived at the topographer corps, together with second lieutenants Giovanni Brenna, a Milanese “bourgeois”, and Bronikowski, a Pole, who had served as pro-tem lieutenant in the artillery and then in the cavalry.”
p. 149 after “in numbers occurred”: “(from 20 to 16)”
p. 149 after “officers returned home”: n. 45 bis “Captains 2nd-class Casella and Vinci and lieutenants 1st-class Sella, Cosenz and Montella.”
p. 149 delete: “-all of them but Campana and Visconti, Director and vice-director of the Depot-” and add “,”
p. 177 n. 46 after “at the Depot” : “Ludovico Frapolli (1781-1812), Giacomo Marieni (1783-1867) and Ignazio Prina (b. 1772), admitted between August and November 1806; Venanzio Muggiasca and Giuseppe Brupacher (b. 1784), admitted pro-tem in 1810 and 1811 respectively, and confirmed in their rank in 1812. Carlo Brioschi, although not a Pavia graduate, was made second lieutenant in 1813, retaining his place as assistant to the Brera astronomers. A different case was Domenico Ronzi, who graduated from Pavia in 1807, was employed at the Depot for two years before becoming a student in 1809 and cadet second lieutenant in 1812”
p. 149 after “French Army” n. 46 bis “Because he had arrived to late at the Army General Staff. The others were the Frenchman Eugène Labaume, while among the students were Piedmontese draughtsman Giuseppe Audé (endnote: Audé (b. 1784) was son of a geographical engineer who entered the French service, and brother of a military engineer, who, too, took up service in France. He had begun his career as a draughtsman in the Alessandria engineering directorate together with his brother in 1802, and moved to the Kingdom of Italy in 1808 as geographical engineer second lieutenant.) and Enrico Rolla from Parma, who had applied for a post in the water and roadworks engineering corps”.
p. 156 after “the school of Stockholm” n. 88 bis “Lasinio, Agapito and Tramarini had served in the Venetian infantry (the last two coming from Castelvecchio), Canziani in the Austrian army, Casella in the Neapolitan one, Tibell (from the Stockholm School) in Sweden; the gunners were the Poles Szmaućh, Bronikowski and Strzelecki, the Frenchman Dufresne, from the School of Châlons, and Venetian Malagugini (from Castelvecchio); from the Nunziatella came Macdonald and Visconti”.
p. 156 after “Neapolitan or Roman Republic” n. 88 ter “They were Giulio Pampani, Montella, Vinci, Cosenz and Campana, the last of whom had actually taken the exam at the Nunziatella in 1799 in order to be admitted to the technical corps (See Service Records, undated, ms. in MSA WO 1440)”.
p. 180 n. 89 The two Depot designers, Pagani and Caniani; Minuti, nominated by vice-presidential decree, who never took service; Brenna, who joined when Tibell had already given in his resignation.
p. 180 n. 90 delete all the text and replace with: “This was Carlo Antonio Litta-Biumi, from the guards of honour; Denaix, who probably would not have joined the army, had he not been forced to by the 1798 conscription: he came from the École des ponts et chaussées; and Labaume, who, after having served as a draughtsman at the Dépôt général de la guerre from 1804 to 1805, was sent to Italy as a second lieutenant in 1806 to become a geographical engineer and then joined the Italian army as a lieutenant 2nd-class”.
p. 180 n. 91 delete all text and replace with: “Frapolli, Marieni, Prina and Muggiasca were pupils of the Brera astronomers, with a degree at the University of Pavia; Francesco Pampani was educated as an engineer by his father.”
p. 180 n. 92 delete all text and replace with: “Carlo Brioschi was a pupil of the astronomers of Brera, who Ronzi, graduated in engineering from the University of Pavia, while Brupacher had both qualifications; Rolla was a candidate for the engineering corps for water and roadworks; the most military was Audé, a draughtsman in the French army. Second lieutenants, in a corps for officers only, they were considered as full lieutenants 2nd-class.”
p. 181 n. 93 delete all text and replace with: “These were the Milanese battalion chiefs Caccianino, Rossi and Motta (land surveyor), captain 1st-class Maffei, and lieutenant 1st-class Sacco and Rolando (architect).”
p. 156 after “Venetian service” n. 95 bis: “From the School of Verona there came: Salimbeni, Galateo, Zanardini, Bernardi, Mastrana, Rubbi and Murari, who had then served as water and roadworks engineer; Petrovich had served in the Venetian engineering corps, and was likely to have come from the school, as probably did Sicuro.”
p. 157 after “during the Republic” n. 95 ter: “Gennaro Lojacono was a civil engineer, subsequently recruited as a geographical engineer during the Neapolitan Republic. Costanzo, Montemayor, Rodriguez and Colella all came from the Nunziatella, as probably did some from among Tirone, Corné, Chateauneuf-Landini, Aurinetta and Lanzetta.”
p. 157 after “Austrian engineers” n. 95 quater: “Bianchi d’Adda and La Carte, who had studied at the military school of Vienna.”
157 replace “one in the French and one in the Piedmontese” with: “Bertrand in the French and Angelo Feroggio in the Piedmont engineering corps.”
p. 157 after “from the Nunziatella” n. 95 quinquies: “Begani, Gennaro Silva and Biondelli came from Nunziatella; Giulietti, Moreno, Romano, Antonio and Pasquale Vitaliani had served in the Neapolitan artillery before the Republic”
p. 157 after “from Castelvecchio” n. 95 sexies: “Verlato and Bidasio came from Castelvecchio; Filippo Psalidi and Giuseppe Donegani had served in the Venetian artillery.”
p. 157 after “from the Ferrara service” n. 95 septies: “They were Calori, Natale and Giovanni Beroaldi.”
p. 157 after “from other Italian states” n. 95 octies: “Patroni was in service in the engineering corps of the Republic of Genoa from 1794, after having passed an exam; Colli was in service in the Austrian engineering corps, and subsequently in the Pontificial artillery. Giuseppe Giannetti served in the Tuscan artillery. The case of the aristocrat Giovanni Mazzucchelli appears to be different: he had been lieutenant in Prussia, but had abandoned service previously, before being reinstated as commander of the artillery of the Brescia legion (Del Negro, Piero. 1997. Primi risultati di un’indagine sugli ufficiali della Repubblica Cisalpina (1797-99): itinerari militari e aree di reclutamento. In Napoleone e la Lombardia nel triennio giacobino, 1796-1799, ed. Luigi Samarati, 369-393. Lodi, Archivio storico lodigiano: 384); for this reason I did not count him in any category.”
p. 157 after “during the Ancien Régime” n. 95 novies: “We are talking of La Halle, Cuc, Desmazis, André Bonifaix, Henri Dudreuil and Pierre Aynard, who joined in 1789.
p. 157 after “with the Revolution” n. 95 decies: “The following joined the Cisalpine service: Guillaume, Tricquenot, Vives, Rançon, Claude Avit, Jacques Santis, Vittorio Ferrati (b. Turin, 1776), Beltrand Lafforgue (b. Villanuova, 1778), Claude-Michel Bricard, Joseph Croisade, Philippe Cordier, Claude Pigacé, Aimé Blondel; Clément and Mercastel joined in 1806.
p. 157 after “or Italian Republics” n. 95 undecies: “In the Jacobin Triennium the following joined: Zaccaria Maffezzoni as captain quartermaster; Gaudenzio Pansiotti and Giovanni Sacchi as lieutenant 1st-class; Gaetano Pirovano and Francesco Neri as lieutenants 2nd-class; Antonio Alessandria as a corporal; Grisetti, Giacosa, Francesco Ferrari, Giacinto Sassetti, Francesco Conti, Daniele Riva, Giuseppe Ajazza, Gerolamo Milani and Agnello Zanca as cannoneers; Matteo Brandolini as a grenadier, later moving to theminers. During the Italian Republic Pietro Bottigella joined as a sergeant; Luigi Ponzoni as an artillery caretaker; Giuseppe Ferrari as a cannoneer 2nd-class.”
p. 157 after “19 artillery” n. 95 duodecies: “Lieutenant general Danna; brigadiers Calori and Guillaume; colonels Psalidi, Verlato, Tricquenot, Bidasio and Mazzucchelli; majors Vives, Rançon, Clément, Colli and Ferrari; battalion chiefs Grisetti, Ajazza, Verna, Begani, Giulietti and Delfini.”
p. 157 after “11 engineers” n. 95 ter decies: “Brigadiers Bianchi d’Adda and Salimbeni; colonels Caccianino, Galateo and Zanardini; battalion chiefs Sicuro, Bernardi, Costanzo and Rodriguez; captain 1st-class Chateauneuf-Landini and Montemayor.”
p. 157 after “and 9 topographer corps” n. 95 quater decies: “Major Campana; squadron chiefs Visconti, Macdonald and Denaix; captain 1st-class Labaume; captain 2nd-class Vinci; lieutenant 1st-class Cosenz and Francesco Pampani; lieutenant 2nd-class Litta Biumi.”
p. 158 after “at least” n. 97 bis: “Definite sons of soldiers: Colli, Begani, Guillaume and Giulietti in the artillery; Galateo, Montemayor and Chateauneuf–Landini in the engineers; Visconti and Francesco Pampani in the geographical-engineers. “Figli d’arte” following their fathers’ footsteps in the same corps are Guillaume, Chateauneuf-Landini and Pampani, while Montemayor was the son of an artillery general. Given the high percentage of nobles, our figure is likely to be an underestimate.”
p. 158 after “first military engineers” n. 98 bis: “Certainly of noble background: Bianchi d’Adda, Salimbeni, Caccianino, Sicuro, Bernardi, Montemayor and Rodriguez.”
p. 158 after “then artillery” n. 98 ter: “Certainly noble: Danna, Calori, Psalidi, Verlato, Bidasio, Mazzucchelli, Ajazza, Colli, Begani and Delfini.”
p. 158 after “and lastly the topographer corps” n. 98 quater: “Certainly noble: Macdonald and Litta Biumi.”
p. 158 after “where prominent families” n. 98 quinquies: “Danna, Delfini and Ajazza were Piedmontese aristocrats: the father of the last-named was podestà of Vigane (Cf. MSA, WO 107); Ferrari’s father was chief of the Commissariat Office at the Milan Municipal Administration in 1805 (Giuseppe Antonio Ferrari to the war minister [undated, though received on 7 October 1805], ms. in MSA, WO 1528).”
p. 158 after “with trade”: n. 98 sexies: Grisetti’s father was a textile trader and manufacturer from Salò (cf. http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/pietro-grisetti_(Dizionario-Biografico)/); Jean Vivès’ parents were merchants (n. 1770, Chalabre: Extrait du Registre des actes de naissances de la Commune de Chalabre, arrondissement de Limoux, département de l’Aude, Chalabre, 24 July 1826, ms. in 2Ye 4143). The only Italian lawyer we found in our sample was the father of Giuseppe Verna from Piedmont (b. Turin, 1776 – 1840: cf. baptismal register, Turin, 24 February 1815, ms. in SHD, 2Ye 4084).
p. 158 after “and farmers” n. 98 septies: “Like Clément’s and Tricquenot’s fathers.”
p. 158 after “might be bourgeois” n. 98 octies: “As were the parents of engineers Costanzo and Zanardini, who was a “citizen of Venice”.”
p. 158 after “would be skilled workers” n. 98 novies: “Giulio Pampani, father of Francesco, was a civil engineer before becoming a geographical engineer; Vinci’s father was an architect (service record, Lodi, 13 October 1802, ms. in MSA, WO 2856); Campana’s was an engraver at the Royal Press, Naples.”
p. 158 after “or trade” n. 98 decies: “Denaix’s father owned the Café Valois in Paris; Cosenz’s was a shopkeeper from Amiens who moved to Naples.”
p. 159 after “with three nobles” n. 98 undecies: “Carlo Bianchi d’Adda, , son of the president of the Milan appeal court and nephew to the general, Alessandro Conti and Pietro Stecchini, son of an officer in Prussian service”
p. 159 after “We find administration” n. 98 duodecies: “Luigi Felice Beltrami, son of the customs general of the Venetian republic at Bergamo; Francesco Del Re, clerk to the Milan criminal court.”
p. 159 after “and the economic bourgeois professions” n. 98 ter decies: “Tito Rougier, son of a banker; Camillo Vacani, son of an accountant, who later became head of an office at the war ministry.”
p. 159 after “the world of skilled workmen” n. 98 quater decies: “With Luigi Bassani, son of a master mason, wall surveyor and property owner.”
p. 159 after “in humble circumstances” n. 98 quindecies: “Giulio Cesare Zupellari’s father was illiterate.”
p. 159 after “none were sons of soldiers” n. 98 sedecies: “Armandi, son of the pontifical governor at Faenza; the aristocrat from Mantua, Antonio Beffa Negrini. The third is Giuseppe Fortis, son of an oboe player.”
p. 159 after “only 2.41% artillery” n. 99 bis “The engineers are: Giovanni Salimbeni, son of Leonardo; Giovanni Psalidi, son of Filippo; Guido Avesani, whose father Ignazio was a lieutenant colonel in the Venetian engineers; Goffredo Belcredi; Pietro Stecchini; while the artillerists are: Felice Rossi, son of Giuseppe Girolamo and Benedetto Vitaliani, son of Antonio; and Giovanni Astolfi. Note the presence of “father’s footsteps” cases (“figli d’arte”) Salimbeni, Avesani and Vitaliani, as well as Psalidi and Rossi, who changed from their fathers’ corps.”
p. 181 n. 103 add: ““What chiefly distinguishes a country’s good administration and reflected the good shape in which the Kingdom of Italy’s stood, was reporting and clamping down on malpractice, improving the condition of the middle and lower classes, promoting enterprise and industry, showing equal deference to all persons without distinction, observing due civilities between rulers and ruled; in short, drawing on all special talents, merits and generous sentiments in managing public affairs, making improvements where necessary and achieving this through persons not recommended by their birth but by good personal qualities and proven services to the State. In general, when engaging someone in the employ of the Kingdom, the question was not whom he descended from, but what he had done or was capable of doing to benefit the common fatherland”. Again: “Widespread education available to all, by a graded school system, ensured useful career opportunities to all minds by virtue of the system running smoothly and the rulers’ policy being to have many youngsters well-educated in the main branches of knowledge, and not just a few with a smattering. There was no lack of encouragement and honours meted even to lowly isolated deserving cases who were at times amazed to be sought out in their privacy”.”
p. 182 n. 110 replace text with: “The 9 admitted to the artillery were Charles-François La Halle, Alessandro Begani, Francesco Giulietti, Giuseppe Biondelli, Nicola Romano, Gennaro Silva, Guglielmo Lagrennelais, Antonio and Pasquale Vitaliani; all of these, except for lieutenant 2nd-class Pasquale Vitaliani, were downgraded by a rank from their provisional grade; moreover, Begani, Biondelli, Lagrennelais and Pasquale Vitaliani were obliged to resit their exams (note that the first two, and also Gennaro Silva, came from the Nunziatella); 6 were admitted to the sappers, including Raffaele Silva who later rejoined the artillery; two were granted furlough, basically because they were battalion chiefs, I think (Placido Moreno and Giuseppe Salvo: cf. Stato Nominativo degli Officiali Stranieri al Deposito d’Artiglieria nominati con Decreto del Vice Presidente del 21 marzo 1802 anno 1° in parte per l’Artiglieria, ed in parte pel Corpo de’ Zappatori, ms. in MSA, WO 449), but later rejoined the service with the rank of lieutenant 1st-class in Salvo’s case and captain 1st-class for Moreno. Apart from Moreno, all were later raised by one rank by 1804, which shows a desire to make amends. Roughly the same happened to Agnello Zanca: though a Neapolitan, he joined the Cispadanian service as a volunteer in 1797 and had worked his way up to captain 3rd-class: he nonetheless had to sit the exam on 6 August 1800, and was downgraded to lieutenant 1st-class. On 20 October 1801 he was promoted to captain 2nd-class (cf. Ibid. and MSA, WO OR 89). On 7 July 1803 the Neapolitans Giuseppe Destengo, Franco Chiaramonti and Ruggero Napoletano were likewise promoted to lieutenant 2nd-class (cf. Calori, Corpo Reale d’Artiglieria. Stato nominativo degl’Ufficiali del suddetto corpo, loro attuale residenza e stato di servizio, Milan, 21 August 1805, ms. in EBA, b. 41, f. 1).”
p. 182 n. 111 add: “Those who passed were: battalion chief Costanzo, captain 1st-class Vincenzo Tirone, Ferdinando Rodriguez, Pietro Corné, Lorenzo Montemayor, captain 2nd-classs Aurinetta, Chateauneuf-Landini, lieutenants 1st-class Lanzetta (the last three coming from the topographer corps), Lojacono, Domenico Colella (in the sappers). Another unclear point, apart from the date, is whether only these 10 sat the exam or also the 5 “outsider” officers already present in or joining the topographer corps (captain 2nd-classs Campana and Vinci, lieutenant 1st-class Cosenz, Sella and Montella), and in any case what the selection criteria were. My feeling is that these 5 from the Italian engineer brigade may have taken the engineering exam and were hence placed or confirmed in the topographer corps (as deduced from the following document: French war minister Berthier to Vignolle, i/c reorganization of Cisalpine troops, Paris, 27 brumaire year X [18 November 1801], ms. in MSA, WO 2856). Campredon’s remark that Giulio Pampani “could not arrive early enough to sit the entry test by which the engineering officers were admitted” (Campredon to war minister Trivulzi, Milan, 2 germinal year X (23 March 1802), ms. in MSA WO 2856) suggests that not all took it. Pampani anyway did not arrive in Milan before 6 March. Visconti certainly did not sit it, arriving even later.”
p. 182 n. 112 add: “Salimbeni, who was an “interested party”, having led the military school pupils on campaign, among whom was his own son, had already made a similar remark. Polfranceschi’s position was equally clear: he thought that Pino “cluttered the Depots of engineering and artillery with many officers both Roman and Neapolitan to the serious detriment of the public coffers” (Polfranceschi to the Extraordinary Governmental Commission, Milan, 15 thermidor year VIII [3 August 1800], ms. in Ibid.).”
p. 164 after “who had lower rank” add: “: for example Costanzo had been a battalion chief since the year VIII, Zanardini and Sicuro both Venetians were appointed battalion chief in the year XI and yet they were classified before Costanzo. Rolando and Fe were ranked before Tirone, Chateauneuf, Rodriguez, Corne and Montemayor who were captains 1st class three years before the former two”
p. 182 n. 113 add: “Carlo Felice Rolando was Piedmontese and Giovanni Battista Fe came from Lugano.”
p. 182 n. 114 replace text with: “The exceptions were Campana and Visconti in the topographer corps, Colella and Rodriguez in the engineers, Agnello Zanca, Ruggero Napoletano, Antonio and Pasquale Vitaliani in the artillery. Note that Rodriguez and the Vitalianis came from the isle of Elba, which as of 1801 no longer belonged to the Kingdom of Naples.”
p. 182 n. 115 add: “Including Campana and Visconti, the percentage of Neapolitans amounts to 41.18%.”
p. 182 n. 116 add: “Counting Colella and Rodriguez, the Neapolitan contingent amounted to 22.73%.”
p. 182 n. 117 add: “Those who returned to the Kingdom of Naples were: colonel Lahalle; battalion chiefs Begani, Giulietti and Placido Moreno; captain 1st-class Giuseppe Biondelli, Nicola Romano, Gennaro and Raffaele Silva; captain 2nd-class Giuseppe Salvo; lieutenant 1st-class Guglielmo Lagrennelais; lieutenants 1st-class Giuseppe Destengo and Franco Chiaramonti.”
p. 182 n. 118 add text before the reference: “The officers mentioned were brigade chiefs Caccianino and Galateo, battalion chiefs Motta, Zanardini and Costanzo; captain 1st-class Maffei, Rolando, Montemayor, Tirone, Corné, Chateauneuf-Landini and Rodriguez (the first from Trento, the second from Piedmont, the remainder from Naples); captain 2nd-classs Feroggio, Aurinetta, Beltrami, Bianchi d’Adda, Zupellari, Del Re and Marieni (the first from Piedmont, the second Neapolitan, the others from the school of Modena); lieutenants 1st-class Lojacono, Lanzetta and Colella (all Neapolitans); lieutenants 2nd-class Carandini, Stecchini, Belcredi, Ghezzi, La Carte (all from the Modena school, except for the last-named.”
p. 182 n. 119 add: “Begani and Giulietti both merited Calori’s judgement “First-rate officer, well educated and moral”, Biondelli and the Silvas “First-rate on all counts” (Stato nominativo Degl’Ufficiali di questo Corpo…, cit. ms.). Giulietti was promoted from captain 2nd-class to battalion chief, hence skipping a rank (see copy of the decree Milan, 12 November 1804, ms. in MSA, WO 2032). He was especially esteemed by Danna, who wrote on his departure: “While I must congratulate you, signor capobattaglione direttore, for a supreme record redounding to your great credit on all counts, I must equally express the great regret I feel at being unable to go on serving with such a distinguished officer as yourself; for whom, as for your other messmates, I will always retain the most inviolable feelings of high esteem and special consideration” (quoted in Montù, Carlo. 1934: 1520).”
p. 183 n. 120 add: “Here again the “foreigners” were hardly foreign at all, at least during the Kingdom years: they included Pietro Stecchini, born in Prussia but son of a Venetian who acquired Cisalpine citizenship, Costantino Sicuro born at Zante and hence Venetian, while Giovanni Battista Fe was from Lugano and joined the Cisalpine service in 1798; of the four “outsiders”, besides the Neapolitans there were the two Piedmontese, Rolando and Feroggio, who also joined in 1798; the French were Alexandre Leroy, son of Louis, a physiologist and veterinarian who practised first in the Duchy of Modena – where a brother, Dominique, was born who also became a Modena pupil and joined the engineers – and then in Milan as a professor at the School of Veterinary Medicine as of 1805 (Giordano, Bruno. 2008: 281-282). Alfred-Auguste de la Ferté Senceterre La Carte was the only real foreigner, for whom an exam had to be devised ad hoc.”
p. 183 n. 120 replace text with: “The ex-Venetian officers should include the “outsiders” Stecchini and Sicuro, bringing the total to 22. The ex-Venetian Lombards were: Cristino Tognoli, Giuseppe Marieni, Giuseppe Albani, Luigi Felice Beltrami, Gian Maria Guaragnoni, Pietro Paleocapa (the last 5 being Modena pupils); the Dalmatians and Illyrians: Galateo, Sicuro, Murari, Petrovich and Cisocio, (the last three joined in 1806); the Venetians Zanardini, Artico, Mastrana (the last two joined in 1806) and Giovanni Milani (this last being a Modena pupil); the Veronese Bernardi, Rubbi, Giovanni Salimbeni, Giovanni Psalidi (the last three being Modena pupils); and lastly two from Vicenza: Girolamo and Francesco Lorenzoni (Modena pupils).”
p. 165 after “and one Trentino” n. 121 bis: “Caccianino, Rossi, Motta, Carlo Fe, Tito Rougier, Antonio Barbieri, Francesco Del Re, Goffredo Belcredi, Carlo Bianchi d’Adda, Paolo Ghezzi, Camillo Vacani, Stefano Grassi came from Olona (the last 8 being Modena pupils); Sacco from Varese; Luigi Della Noce from Crema (a Modena pupil); Giulio Cesare Zupellari, Domenico Valentino Tirelli and Giovanni Battista Mozzinelli from Mantua. From Trento there was Maffei. To the Cisalpines by birth we should certainly add Giovanni Battista Fe and other Venetians who obtained citizenship.”
p. 165 after “16 ex-Este states” n. 121 ter: “The Modenese Luigi Tabboni, Geminiano Poletti, Alessandro Conti, Antonio Vincenzi, Giuseppe Carandini, Antonio Araldi, Sigismondo Ferrari, Gherardo Morano, Gaetano Alessandro Cavedoni, Alessandro Ferri, Vincenzo Martinelli, Emilio and Giovanni Ludovico Campilanzi, Giovanni Battista Pelloni; Antonio and Filippo Miotti from Reggio Emilia. To the ranks of the Cispadanians we should add the former ex-pontifical state officers: Carlo Sereni and Domenico Leroy from Ferrara; Luigi Bassani from Bologna. All 19 Cispadanians were Modena pupils.”
p. 183 n. 122 add: “The Milanese were Canziani, Brenna, Frapolli, Muggiasca, Brupacher, Ronzi, Brioschi, Litta-Biumi and Alberto Litta (b. 1790), the last of whom joined in 1809 as a pupil, promoted to second lieutenant in 1812; there were also Ignazio Prina from the Olona (b. 1772 at Oreno), who joined in 1806 as a second lieutenant, and Pagani from the Lario.”
p. 165 after “three of whom were Lombards” n. 121 quater: “Caniani, Marieni and Gaspare Galliari (1760-1817, captain by 28 April 1812 on the corps strength as a landscape artist), all from the Serio. The last Cisalpine was Pampani from Ferrara. The other Venetians joined in 1808: Giovanni Baldassarre Chiandi (b. 1784) from Belluno and Pietro Soldan (b. 1785) from Venice.”
p. 183 n. 123 after “two Piedmontese” replace text with “, Riccio and Audé, as well as Rolla from Parma.”
p. 165 after “one Pole” n. 123 bis: “The Frenchmen were Denaix from Paris, and Labaume from the Ardèche. The Pole Strzelecki came from Volhynia.”
p. 183 n. 125 replace from “There were 14 Piedmontese” to the end of the note with: “The Piedmontese were Gaetano Millo, Giuseppe Verna, Angelo Maria Remigio Villanis, Giuseppe Bernardi, Vittorio Ferrati and Nicolò Pirra from Turin; Giuseppe Ajazza, Vincenzo Giacosa, Luigi Delfini and Vincenzo Grella, again from the department of the Po; Francesco Conti and Giovanni Battista Barberis from the department of Montenotte; Fabio Forni from Monferrato; and Giacinto Sassetti from the department of Marengo. There were also three Neapolitans (now amounting to 4.05% of the total): Agnello Zanca, Antonio and Pasquale Vitaliani; two Tuscans: Andrea Henrion from Pistoia and Giuseppe Giannetti from Portoferraio; one Ligurian: Giuseppe Patroni from Chiavari; one from Piacenza: Giuseppe Ferrari.”
p. 165 after “18 French” n. 125 bis: « Jacques Santis and Jean Vives (Aude); Alexis Cuc (Aveyron); Bernard Rançon (Hautes-Pyrenées); Victor Capriol (Tarn); Pierre Aynard (Montpellier); Joseph Croisade (Gers); Claude Avit (Haute-Loire); Claude Pigacé (Orne); Henri Desmazis (Sarthe); Maximilien Mercastel (Seine-inférieure); Jean-Baptiste Tricquenot (Marne); Cristophe Clément (Moselle); Henri Dudreuil (Vosges); Philippe Cordier (Jura); Aimé Blondel (Leman); André Bonifaix (Var); Lazare Henri (Bouches-du-Rhône). »
p. 165 after “from ex-Austrian Lombardy” n. 125 ter: “9 were from Olona: Benedetto Gorio, Daniele Riva, Gaetano Pirovano, Zaccaria Maffezzoni, Luigi Ponzoni, Pietro Bottigella, Ercole Rossi, Francesco Rezia and Luigi Pecchio (the last three Modena pupils); two came from the Lario: Francesco Ferrari and Giovanni Sacchi; three from the Upper Po: Angelo Maria Colli, Beltrand Lafforgue and Luigi Dalmati (Modena pupil); one from the Mincio: Antonio Beffa Negrini (Modena pupil).”
p. 165 after “from ex-Venetian Lombardy” n. 125 quater: “The ex-Venetian Lombards were Ruggero Bidasio, Pietro Grisetti, Donegani, Gerolamo Milani, Filippo Emili, Giuseppe Fortis, Federico Ferrini and Giambattista Mussita (the last three Modena pupils). To the Cisalpine figures we should add one from the Agogna, which is to say born Piedmontese: Gaudenzio Pansiotti. Surprisingly, only one Venetian came from the Adriatic department (Venice): Antonio Alessandri; but he too entered the Cisalpine service as early as 1799.”
p. 165 after “from the Este states” n. 125 quinquies: “The Modenese Natale and Giovanni Beroaldi, Giovanni Lirelli and Giuseppe Bonetti; Leopoldo Nobili, from the Garfagnana. The last two were Modena pupils.”
p. 165 after “from the Pontifical State” n. 125 sexies: “The Bolognese Luigi Busi and Filippo Miserocchi as well as Pietro Damiano Armandi from Faenza (Modena pupils); Francesco Neri from Ferrara; Matteo Brandolini from Ravenna.”
p. 169 after “16 to captain 2nd-class” n. 141 bis: “Obviously the percentages give a very approximate idea, given the different dates of graduation, but they are low enough to deserve a mention: 0.98% of alumni reached the rank of colonel; 2.94% made battalion chief at least (the remaining two were Giuseppe Fortis and Antonio Beffa: unlike the figures given in the text, in calculating the percentage we added those who reached that rank and went on to be promoted higher); 12.75% to captain 1st-class, 28.43% to captain 2nd-class.”
p. 170 after “out of the Modena 49” n. 148 bis: “They are Giuseppe Marieni, Camillo Vacani, Giuseppe Carandini and Pietro Stecchini.”
p. 171 after “the rank of battalion chief” n. 148 bis: “If we include those who served from 1806 to 1811, the figure drops to 11 out of 13 (84.62%): the brothers Giovanni Battista and Carlo Fe achieved discharge from military service as captain 1st-class, respectively on 19 December 1808 and 21 September 1810 (MSA, WO OR 90). In this group we have not considered Cristino Tognoli, who served mostly in the auxiliary corps. If to these 13 we add the two Neapolitans who joined in 1802, thus including all who joined the corps in the republican period (except for La Carte who soon moved to the French engineers), 12 out of 15 reached battalion chief (80%).
p. 185 n. 152 add: “Director Guillaume likewise esteemed him: “Besides being well versed in mathematics, this man is even more so in handling geodetic instruments of the first order. He draws with extreme taste, expresses his ideas on paper clearly and stylistically; in short he excels at his work and is outstanding in moral conduct” (Quadro de’ servigj degli Ufficiali Topografi Italiani all’Epoca del 2 Luglio 1805, cit. ms.).”
p. 185 n. 153 add: Guillaume’s assessment was: “He is thoroughly at home in handling geodetic instruments. He draws excellently, writes very well and takes great care with the tasks assigned him; excellent in military conduct” (Quadro de’ servigj degli Ufficiali Topografi Italiani all’Epoca del 2 Luglio 1805, cit. ms.).
p. 172 after “to first lieutenant in 1802” add: “at Tibell’s behest (endnote: He reminded the minister that Pagani was not only the most senior draughtsman, but also “the best trained and most zealous in the service” (Tibell to the war minister, Milan, 12 nivôse year X [2 January 1802], ms. in MSA, WO 2856).)”
p. 172 after “only promoted again in 1810”: replace “;” with “.” and add “His superiors valued him highly, and Guillaume drew up a detailed profile from which we can see the practical knowledge expected of geographical engineers engaged in surveying work: “This is a first-rate man with adequate mathematics, he is good and accurate in field drawing and skilful at surveying. He sees things with great clarity. He studies and improves daily, and his gift for analysis makes him an excellent judge of the objects he sets about examining; his moral conduct excellent (endnote: Quadro de’ servigj degli Ufficiali Topografi Italiani all’Epoca del 2 Luglio 1805, cit. ms.)”
p. 172 after “and military engineers,” add: “attaining the rank of first lieutenant, received a testimonial from César Berthier: “great zeal, extensive knowledge, a keen coup d’œil, sharply accurate drawing, and unfailing courage (endnote: According to Guillaume: “Outstanding in surveying and topographic reconnaissance, he draws the terrain relief with great intelligence and clarity, and displays good moral conduct” (Quadro de’ servigj degli Ufficiali Topografi Italiani all’Epoca del 2 Luglio 1805, cit. ms.)).” Then replace the text “, who was accepted… ten years before” with: “. He was accepted for Italian service by Tibell, first as a second class draughtsman, then as a lieutenant 1st-class. Only in 1812, aged 44, was he promoted to captain 2nd-class and so improving on the rank he had held in the Piedmontese army ten years before (endnote: Tibell to the war minister, Milan, 12 nivôse year X [2 January 1802] and 12 pluviôse year X [1 February 1802], ms. in MSA, WO 2856. Note that in joining the Piedmontese engineers Riccio had already taken an exam, but he was naturally re-examined. Cf. ms. MSA WO, OR 96.).”
p. 172 after n. 155 add: “Muggiasca was highly esteemed by Campana, though not more than his opposite number, Brupacher (endnote: Muggiasca was deemed first-rate in conduct and talent, and very great in activity, while Brupacher raked excellent in conduct and talent and very great in activity (Campana, Corpo degli Uffiziali Ingegneri Geografi Piazze che si propongono, undated [shortly before 22 March 1812], ms. in MSA, WO 2856). A few days after Muggiasca was promoted, Campana sought promotion for four more of his own men, but without success.), who lacked the means of distinguishing himself and hence remained a second lieutenant.”
p. 186 n. 158 add: “As for the pupils who joined during the period 1798-1803, the following artillerists died or went missing during the Napoleonic wars: Luigi Dalmati, Giovanni Rossi, Andrea Salvaterra, Amadio Spinelli, Giuseppe Calmani, Amanzio Rezia, Angelo Cinti, Marco Giuseppe Negrisoli, Antonio Zorzi (Rossi in Dalmatia, Salvaterra and Spinelli in Spain, the last 5 during the Russian campaign); and engineers Giovanni Foscolo, Domenico Valentino Tirelli, Giovanni Salimbeni, Tito Rougier, Giuseppe Albani, Antonio Barbieri, Francesco Del Re, Goffredo Belcredi, Giuseppe Marieni (Salimbeni in Spain, the last 6 during or after the Russian campaign). Those graduating at a later period who fell were the artillerists Francesco Camuri, Carlo Viscardini, Carlo Castiglioni, Giovanni Battista Re, Pietro Marverti, Giulio Gaburri, Costantino Grossi, Andrea Gerardi (the first 5 in Russia, the last 3 in Prussia in 1813); engineer Alexandre Le Roy, like Gerardi, died in the garrison at Torgau in 1813 when the town was struck by an epidemic.”
p. 173 after “not hailing from Modena” n. 158 bis: “They were colonel Giuseppe Girolamo Rossi, who died at Milan in 1811 (MSA, WO OR 1821) and Giovanni Zanardini, who died of typhus after the retreat from Russia (MSA, WO 1965).”
p. 173 after “5 dead” n. 158 tris: “Major Angelo Maria Colli and captain 1st-class Maximilien Mercastel died in Russia; captain 1st-class Antonio Vitaliani died at Milan in 1813; captain 1st-class Claude Avit died of his wounds in Spain at the end of 1813; major Gaetano Millo died in battle at the Mincio crossing in February 1814 (MSA, WO OR 89).”